Schistosoma japonicum is the only human blood fluke that occurs in China and Philippines and also in Sri Lanka. It is the cause of schistosomiasis japonica, a disease that still remains a significant health problem especially in lake and marshland regions.
Microscopic identification of eggs in stool or urine is the most practical method for diagnosis. Stool examination should be performed when infection with S. mansoni or S. japonicum is suspected, and urine examination should be performed if S. haematobium is suspected.
An international team of scientists led by those at the QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute (Brisbane, Australia) have used a previously reported a novel droplet digital-polymerase chain reaction (ddPCR) assay targeting the mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase subunit I gene (nad1) to diagnose schistosomiasis japonica. The tool identified both pre-patent and patent infections using S. japonicum DNA isolated from serum, urine, salivary glands and feces in a murine model. The assay was validated here using clinical samples collected from 412 subjects resident in an area moderately endemic for schistosomiasis in the Philippines.
The team reported that S. japonicum DNA present in human stool, serum, urine and saliva was detected quantitatively with high sensitivity. The capability to diagnose cases of human schistosomiasis using non-invasively collected clinical samples, the higher level of sensitivity obtained compared with the microscopy-based Kato-Katz test, and the capacity to quantify infection intensity, have important public health implications for schistosomiasis control and programs targeting other neglected tropical diseases.
The authors concluded that the verified ddPCR method represents a valuable new tool for the diagnosis and surveillance of schistosomiasis, particularly in low prevalence and low intensity areas approaching elimination and in monitoring areas where disease emergence or re-emergence is a concern.
